In Wark’s article, there’re two points interests me – 1) whom he defines as the hack; 2) the emergent conflict between hackers and corporations.

Firstly, it’s a question of realizing that all intellectual creators are hackers. It is about realizing a common interest that has nothing to do with choices of identity, culture, or taste. Everything is a code for the hacker to hack, be it “programming, language, poetic language, math, or music, curves or colourings” and once hacked, they create the possibility for new things to enter the world. What they create is not necessarily “great”, or “even good”, but new, in the areas of culture, art, science, and philosophy or “in any production of knowledge where data can be extracted from it.”

Secondly, what hackers have in common is that they have to sell the products of their intellectual labor to corporations who have a monopoly on realizing its value. Hackers invent the idea, but corporations control the means of production. The laws that used to protect hackers — copyright and patent — have been subtly changing over the course of the last few decades to protect corporate owners of existing “intellectual property,” not individual creators of new ideas. I think the vectoralist class (as Wark calls) controls the means of realizing the value of what hackers create. They control the vectors along which new information moves. New information could be in the form of a digital file or a little pink pill. The form doesn’t matter. What does matter is that the class interest of the vectoralists lies in making ideas a form of exclusive, perpetual, and global private property.

Wark insists everyone who actually creates “intellectual property” could consider themselves part of the hacker class — and as having convergent interests. He argues that new information comes from the hack. It doesn’t matter if you are a writer, an engineer, a philosopher, a teacher, a musician, a physicist, if you essentially produce new information – it’s a hack. Honestly, I used to think hackers as a class of people who are really good at computer or internet system like programmers. However, I think Wark’s opinion is understandable and reasonable after reading his article. Therefore, I agree that hackers are creators who produce new concepts, perceptions, and sensations out of the stuff of raw data. In one word, I think we can all be called “hackers” as long as we bring new ideas into the world.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTGD29gEuKs&feature=youtu.be

“Each page in the flip-book corresponds to an individual piece of artwork that, along with all the other drawings, makes up a movie when its filmed by an animation camera.”

As we all know, a flip book is a collection of combined pictures intended to be flipped over to give the illusion of movement and create an animated sequence from a simple small book without machine. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, but may also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings.

Flip books are not always separate books, but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. From a few pages to more than a hundred, in order to flip them over easily and give the right place to the shown sequence, about 30 pages is ideal. Some books also use the technique to create animation by setting a series of pictures on the outer margin of pages or by using the flip book to support a demonstration, especially regarding sport.

Flip books are essentially a primitive form of animation. Like motion pictures, they rely on persistence of vision to create the illusion that continuous motion is being seen rather than a series of discontinuous images being exchanged in succession. Rather than “reading” left to right, a viewer simply stares at the same location of the pictures in the flip book as the pages turn. The book must also be flipped with enough speed for the illusion to work, so the standard way to “read” a flip book is to hold the book with one hand and flip through its pages with the thumb of the other hand.

The magic of flip book touches everybody, no matter the age or nationality. As you do not need peculiar knowledge to use it, it has a universal characteristic. Those who enter the world of flip books are more often interested in the funny aspect rather than the content itself.