immigration 1850-to 1930 "from the old new world"
The employments opportunity in cities created by the rapid commercial industrial derived many peoples to immigrate to the city. Chudacoff has divide this migration in two waves ,one in 1840 to 1880 and second in 1880 to 1910. In “Migration , Old and New” showed the statistical of this immigrating waves and its distribution which impact and contributed in changing America Geographically , economically, socially and politically as well. along the statistical difference a new immigrants to , African American were the first to come to America and they were “70% of them could be found in urban city”(p118).
The African Americans were limited in resource and “were generally exclude from factory work”; so education was their way for better improvement . 85% of black children went to schools in Pennsylvania alone. at the level of a social aspect, religion was the most difficult social transition that became one of categorization’s tools which segregate this immigrants along the competition on jobs “occasionally, bloody clashes erupted, sparked b tense competition for employment and the threat of immigrant political mobilization'(chp5,p119).
Seeking new opportunities has made a cities a main focused of ten thousand of immigrants who faced housing, health, and poverty which pushed many to immigrate back home. The health problems caused by this crowded housing has raised the issue , especially when cholera epidemics threatened the habitants in 1866 and force the city to regulated the housing.”
“All the Nation Under Heaven” by Frederick Binder and David Reimers explored almost a same points on immigrants in terms of the social, cultural and economic lives of immigrants, but Binder and Reimers emphasized on the struggle these immigrants encounter towards their identities within the numerous ethnics groups that shaped New York city. It was introduced in narrative way with an indicative history according to ethnicity of each group of new comers.