And the winner to the most important change is…..

1.  More opportunities to work arose.  This is very important because although wars are negative, this was a positive impact.  in 1944, during the war’s peak, less than 2 percent of the population were jobless.  This helps stimulate the economy and help the devastating Depression that the city is getting out from. This stimulated a social life and a new breath of life to a city that was deflated from happiness.

2.  Increase migration to the suburbs.

3.  The rise of retail development (which still exists today).

4.  More racial tolerance and less discrimination throughout the years.

Last, but certainly not least…

5.  More women working in jobs outside the home.

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Madd people yo

The ideal family as portrayed in this picture. Everyone lead a happy, routine life.

1. Suburbanization- I find this to be the most important change in the nation between 1941 and 1974 because we learned a lot about urbanization and how people migrated to the cities in search of work but now we see how there is a drastic migration of people to the suburbs. This was a result of many war veterans who “faced severe housing shortages in the cities” (Chudacoff p.218) and were given the opportunity to own homes (most houses located, expanded and built) in the suburbs through low-interest home loans. This was also played a significant role in the segregation between blacks and whites. Most of the whites moved from crowded cities toward the Midwest or South and the blacks were forced to remain in the cities because real estate angencies refused to provide housing in the suburbs for blacks.

2. Expansion of buildings- “…federal governent built an average of $2.5 billion worth of industrial buildings…” (Chudacoff p218).

3. Expansion of highways- “…federal funds spent on highways swelled from $429 million in 1950 to $2.9 billion in 1960.” (Chudacoff p221)

4. The American Dream- the ideal suburban neighborhood consisted of fathers who worked and earned money and mothers who tended happily to their families and enjoyed leisure life.

5. Destruction of the Environment- construction contaminated groundwater and factories and machinery used to build homes polluted the air.

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Employment a BOOM !

1. One huge way cities and suburbs changed was due to the unemployment crisis disappearing after the great depression. In 1944 , only 1.2 % percent of the labor  force was jobless. Wages and salaries rose more than 135 percent.

2.Government allowing Mexicans to the United States as braceros on short-term work contracts for farm and industrial labor. More then 15,000 Mexicans relocated to Chicago. They displaced white coal miners and marginal farmers from the hills of West Virginia and kentucky.

3.Wartime sex-segregated environments, in the armed forces was a huge change to many cities and suburbs. This expanded the setting in which same-sex relationships could be pursued. Many large cities offered meeting places, bars , that enable the public expression of homo-sexual identities. Some places encouraged mingling among a variety of patrons.  By the 1950s small groups of homosexuals began organizing for political and civil rights.

4. Interstate Highway Act of 1956 was a great step forward as it justified its means to aid intercity travel for purposes of civil defense, and to ease downtown traffic congestion. Federal funds spent on highways swelled from $429 million in 1950 to $2.9 billion in 1960.

5.Housing Act of 1949

 

The reason i picked the employment as the most important , is because of the disaster that was dealt with the great depression were unemployment rates were almost 30% leading to huge disaster. Now the city and suburbs are picking themselves up with so many people having jobs and making money , while paying the government taxes. Having tons of jobs creates a ton of opportunities for everyone.

 

P.S my picture wouldnt go up i tired like 10 times !

 

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Developments

 

Highway Constructions

Federal highway construction provided access to rural land for development, ” In 1947, Congress authorized a 3700 mile national highway network, including nearly three thousand mile of roads in or near major cities” (254, Chudacoff ). Highway helped in redesign racial space in the cities, Because of the construction of highway there were a residential expansion and expansion of businesses which bought more jobs and more residential development. Highway construction is one of the important development during this period that made people easy to migrate form one place to another and development in economic activities.

Migration

Political Changes

Housing

Womens lives

 

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Women in society

1. Women in jobs.

2. World War II.

3. Public infrastructure.

4. Entertainment.

5. Immigrants.

One of the most prominent changes in United States society between 1941 and 1974 was the increase in women in jobs. Before this time period, women were rarely seen with prominent job opportunities. Though some women DID have jobs, they were payed a severely smaller amount of money than men. In most cases, women were forced to stay home and take care of the house and kids. This social philosophy still holds somewhat true today. In most cases, women today stay home while men go out to work. Nevertheless, the degree to which this was occuring is minute. Though this doesn’t seem like such as big change in social actions to us, it was indeed a major change between 1941 and 1974.

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War-A good thing?

1. WWII – Wars are fought to gain something. In most cases, wars are thought for some sort of increased wealth. Whether it be more land, more gold, or more oil, wars have almost always led to a better and stronger economy. Before WWII, the United States was in the Great Depression; their were little jobs and people were being individualistic. WWII, however, brought us out of the depression by turning weapons manufactories open again and increasing the amount of jobs in the country. The result of the war helped our economy! This is why some people think that the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are merely hopes of trying to help our economy.

2. Jobs available for women.

3. Public infrastructure.

4. Immigrants.

5. Housing infrastructure.

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Changing Paces

1.) Postwar suburban growth

2.) Racial transition

3.) Impact of WWII

4.) Urban renewal and consequences

5.) Urban politics

 

The reason I chose this order for these events is because I believe that the increase of population are the most important changes. An increase in the population effects every aspect of city life. Various races increasing has an effect on the racial transition of the city and the politics. I feel the impact of WWII is not an important change because the only impact it really had was the urban renewal. Because of the neglect the downtowns went through during the great depression and onward, caused skyscrapers to be built. In my opinion the change before caused the change after and so on.

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It brought positive outcomes….

 1-      Integration of Blacks into suburban neighborhoods

 2-     Expansion of the economy: during wartime migration was encouraged, therefore newcomers had opportunities to live and to work in industrial cities, expanding the economy

 3-      People were working again: as mentioned by Chudacoff, America started working again. Jobs were created, wages and salaries rose and profits doubled.  

 4-      Mexican were allowed  in the United States as “braceros” on short term work contracts (Chudacoff 217)

 5-     Opportunities for same sex relationship: homosexual men and women were able to be in relationship with others. Gay bars were in big and also small cities.

       1- After the war, the African American population grew. African Americans were moving into white neighborhoods were segregration was still a problem. They were exploited when it comes to buying and maintaining a house in a white area. The school systems that attempted to desegregate were attacked by white parents and political leaders. I think the racial transition of blacks is very important because at the end, school integration became mandatory in some cities and African American men and women were able to find better working conditions

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Shifts during wartime

1. The World War II effects were varied.  Military cost increased. But at the same time, expenditures on military created job opportunities and expanded industrial capacities.  The war actually ended depression. “In 1944, at the war’s height, only 1.2 percent of the labor force was jobless.” (P250) The federal government was able to regulate and partially control economic activities.

2. Interstate system was created. Federal aid projects on construction of highways. “The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 and creation of the Federal Highway Trust Fund strengthened these patterns.” (P254)

3. Economic changes and job opportunities increased urban population. Whites from the South plus large population of African Americans and Mexicans moved to the industrial cities of the North and West.

4. Jobs for female increased and work performances were recognized. Women’s employment status altered.

5. Growing economy and extra spendable cash which shifted entertainment industries. “Movie theaters were packed, attracting weekly audiences of 85 million by 1945.” (P251) 

Year Total labor force (*1000) Armed forces (*1000) Unemployed (*1000) Unemployment rate (%)
1939 55,588 370 9,480 17.2
1940 56,180 540 8,120 14.6
1941 57,530 1,620 5,560 9.9
1942 60,380 3,970 2,660 4.7
1943 64,560 9,020 1,070 1.9
1944 66,040 11,410 670 1.2
1945 65,290 11,430 1,040 1.9
1946 60,970 3,450 2,270 3.9
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The American Dream

1)      “Much of the Suburban expansion would not have occurred had not federal highway construction provided access to rural land for development” (Chudacoff 220). I disagree with this statement. I think the suburban expansion would not have occurred had there not been any help from the government to make the land more affordable: “the GI Bill, made low-interest home loans available to military veterans. These, combined with FHA mortgage insurance, helped subsidize suburban real estate development” (Chudacoff 219). This caused there to be, “happy neighborhoods of single-family homes where breadwinner fathers and home-maker mothers found personal satisfaction in family life and consumerism” (Chudacoff 220.) In other words, the American dream of owning a house (and maybe a car) was all possible because the federal government made it possible for people to achieve it.

2)      Construstions on the highway, as well as the Interstate Highway Act of 1956 caused more progressions to occur because people felt they are not too far from the city life.

3)      Retail development in the suburban areas caused more people to feel comfortable living in the suburbs. Retails found the land to be cheap as well as gain customers that they knew will be loyal to their products because the customers had no other place to go. The customers liked having retails there so they had shops close by for them to conveniently purchase.

4)      Racism also helped there to be more population in the Suburbs. Because the whites did not want to mix with the blacks, every time the blacks progressed, the whites would move away and own different part of land, causing there to be an expansion.

5)      City stores began to loose customers and the suburban outlets began to gain customers.

(Source: Building Levittown)

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