James Baldwin 

Ethos- Lived experiences as a Black American. He discusses his experiences and the experiences others have also faced.

• “ I have to speak as one of the people who have been most attacked by the Western system of reality…”

Pathos- Tries to evoke empathy by discussing pain, suffering, and racial divide. talks about the emotional toll that racism has on black Americans.

• “It comes as a great shock around the age of 5, 6, or 7 to discover that the flag to which you have pledged your allegiance, along with everybody else, has not pledged allegiance to you. It comes as a great shock to see Gary Cooper killing off the Indians and, although you are rooting for Gary Cooper, that the Indians are you.”

Logos- argues for racial equality by using historical evidence and statistics. inequalities in education and employment. talks about flaws in arguments against change. 

• “We had the 15th Amendment nearly 100 years ago. If it was not honored then, I have no reason to believe that the civil rights bill will be honored now. The American soil is full of the corpses of my ancestors, through 400 years and at least three wars. Why is my freedom, my citizenship, in question now? What one begs the American people to do, for all our sakes, is simply to accept our history.”

William Buckley

Ethos- Says he has the authority to speak about the fact that there is concern about the African-American issue. It is stated he attended Yale. He quotes a book.

• “There is no instant cure for the race problem in America. Anyone who tells you that there is a quick solution is a charlatan and ultimately a boring man-a boring man because he is then speaking in the kind of abstractions which do not relate to human experience. The Negro problem is a very complicated one. I urge those of you who have an actual interest in the problem to read “Beyond the Melting Pot,” by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan. They say that in 1900 there were 3,500 Negro doctors in America. In 1960 there were 3,900, an increase of 400. Is this because there were no opportunities? No, they say. There are a great many medical schools which by no means practice discrimination. It is because the Negro’s particular energy is not directed toward that goal.”

Pathos- Tries to evoke anxiety and fear from his audience by talking about how the civil rights movement could lead to chaos and violence.

• “About 125 years ago this house was bitterly divided over the question of whether or not some people in England who practiced the faith of Erasmus, yaar must distinguished lecturer, should be allowed to vote. By a slim margin it was decided that they ought to be allowed to do so. We know that there was more blood shed trying to emancipate the Irish here in the British Isles than has been shed by 10 times the number of people who have been lynched as a result of the delirium of race consciousness, race supremacy, in the United States. Shall we devote the night to these luridities? Shall we devote the evening to examining the sociological facts of human nature? Shall we discuss these class antagonisms in terms of race, in terms of economic standing? Shall we discuss the existential dilemma of humankind?”

Logos- Argues that gradual change is better than rapid change. Uses historical examples. Appeals to the logic of preservation for social and structural norms.

• “Obviously, the first element is concern. We have got to care that it happens. We have got to do what we can to change the warp and woof of moral feelings and society to make it happen less and less.”