31 thoughts on “Assignment for Wed., Sept. 14th: Sherman Alexie, “Superman and Me””

1. In the short story “Superman and Me”, Sherman Alexie discusses the problems that arise with racial stereotypes and the different socioeconomic backgrounds that people in America begin their lives with. Although we consider America as the land of opportunity, although that is not necessarily the case. Alexie states that during his visits to different schools, that “there are the sullen and already defeated Indian kids who sit in the back rows and ignore me with theatrical precision” (3). He wants us to understand that with the expectations for success, that many kids give up at a very early age if they have struggles to work for success, or they feel that it is impossible to achieve it. Many people that come from families of especially Asian descent have been stereotyped to have been pushed harder in their studies so they can be more successful in life, or that people that come from lower income families need to do more work to achieve success. His story overall discusses that he did not necessarily have motivation to read from his situation so he could become more successful in life but rather he did what he thought would be enjoyable to him. This explains that the motivation for success should be a passion and our passions overrule our situations.
   I relate to Alexie’s short story based on his struggles in his childhood. Alexie struggled with basic school reading, even though he was very proficient, and had issues within his social life, always being the smart and intimidating kid in class. As a kid I was always pushed to the limits and I was especially proficient in math. With being of Asian descent, like Alexie, I had problems socially, which I eventually overcame.

   • Just to clarify – Alexie is Native American – not Asian American. He describes himself using the term “Indian,” though we might be more likely to say “Native American.” It might be interesting to think a bit about all of these different labels – what they suggest and why some of them go in and out of favor.

2. “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie is a personal story to show how race, class, and ethnic identity shape people’s experiences of education and assumptions about themselves and others. As shown in the story, race was seen as a hierarchy that determines your education status. For me I see race as a force in Alexie’s story because it shows a separation of powers between the Indians and non-Indians. As stated in ”A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike. I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid. Most lived up to those expectations inside the classroom but subverted them on the outside” (2 Alexie). This quote shows the differences in status between two groups. Indians were seen as failures and accepted by other Indians and pitied by non-Indians. One moment I could personally relate in Alexie’s essay is when she said “I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky”(2). Born in a foreign country,English was something that was hard and something I needed to learn. Although there were struggles along the way, I never gave up because my parents gave me this opportunity to be different and be supportive in the future.

   • Thanks for this response and for connecting Alexie’s essay to your own experience as a student. Just to clarify, Sherman Alexie is a man!

3. Race, class, and ethnicity are clear forces that play a critical role in Sherman Alexie’s “Superman and Me”. Growing up as a middle-class Indian, Alexie was expected to fail. By western education standards, he was a threat. “A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike. I fought with my classmates on a daily basis” (Alexie 2). Alexie’s passion for reading and learning would normally result in him being titled “prodigy”, but due to his race and ethnicity, he was regarded as an oddity. I found this to be unfair and telling of how someone’s race and ethnicity can affect how they are perceived.

   One moment that resonated with me was when Alexie shared that he learned how to read with a Superman comic book. At age five, I refused to read unless there were pictures for me to look at. I related to the part where he would imagine what the characters were saying by looking at the picture. I remember this was something I used to do too. The illustrations helped me visualize dialogue between the characters and get a grasp of the plot, despite not being very familiar with the text on the page.

   • I’d love to hear more about your suggestion that, as “a smart Indian”, Alexie is seen as a threat. A threat to whom/what? Why?

4. After reading the essay, “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie, we could see how race, and social class can affect someones education. From the essay Alexie shares their experience of education. Alexie learned how to read by looking at words and paragraphs that he would see. Despite growing up from a poor family, he was able to manage to have a good career. According to him, “A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike. I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.” After reading from this quote, from what I understood was that Indians were expected to fail education. They were expected to not be successful. But this didn’t stop Alexie, “I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky. I read books late into
   the night, until I could barely keep my eyes open. I read books at recess, then during
   lunch, and in the few minutes left after I had finished my classroom assignments.” Alexie does not want to be like the other Indians who just give up and accept that they will fail. He wants to save his life and would like to save their lives too.

   • Why do you think Alexie felt like he and his fellow students were expected to fail?

5. There are many ways in which race, class, and ethnicity are clear forces that play a critical role in Sherman Alexie’s “Superman and Me”. In the beginning o the essay the author states “We were poor by most standards, but one of my parents usually managed to find some minimum-wage job or another, which made us middle-class by reservation standards. I had a brother and three sisters. We lived on a combination of irregular paychecks, hope, fear and government surplus food.” This is giving the reader an idea of what she had to go through. Living life paycheck by paycheck, they had no leftover money for any wants, just enough for needs. Another place in the article where race is brought up is here “A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike. I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.” Once again this is showing what she had to go through. She was experiencing racism in a place where she is supposed to be feeling safe and a place where she is supposed to be able to learn and feel comfortable. I can’t fully relate to the extremity of the authors situation, but I do relate to some things. I used to get bullied for being Mexican and looking different than the other kids. My family used to not be able to afford everything we wanted. I remember having to leave things behind in the supermarket and seeing the frown on my mothers face grow. Also when the author was talking about how she had many siblings, I could relate to that because I myself have 4 other siblings. I’m pretty sure there are many other students in our class that are able to relate to at least one or more of the things talked about in this essay.

6. Race/class/ethnicity are seen as polarizing forces in Alexie’s story. They have the ability to motivate you to go further or it can be devastating and bring you down. These polarizing forces are emphasized by the accounts of the children in the classroom. The text states, “I read with equal parts joy and desperation. I loved those books, but I also knew that love had only one purpose. I was trying to save my life.” This shows that Alexie’s unprivileged background and the realization that she isn’t equal to the other kids due to her being a poor Indian pushed her to consume as much knowledge through reading as possible since education is the only way she can stand on equal footing to her peers. The opposite coin of this is that it can bring you down and demotivate you. The text states, “Then there are the sullen and already defeated Indian kids who sit in the back rows and ignore me with theatrical precision. The pages of their notebooks are empty. They carry neither pencil nor a pen. They stare out the window. They refuse and resist.” This shows how the kids have given up because they are underprivileged and there is a stigma created about them that they cannot succeed in academics solely based on who they were born to be. A detail in Alexie’s essay that resonated with me was when she states, “I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky. I read books late into the night until I could barely keep my eyes open. I read books at recess, then during lunch, and in the few minutes left after I had finished my classroom assignments …” This resonated with me since my parents made me adopt this mindset in elementary school. I was not allowed to socialize with anyone, they just wanted me to absorb as much knowledge as possible so I can have a better chance at succeeding in life.

   • I’m curious about why Alexie (who is a man, by the way) uses the adjective “arrogant” here – since we usually think of arrogance as a negative trait. Any ideas?

7. Author Sherman Alexie discusses the issues with racial stereotypes in his short tale “Superman and Me,” as well as how individuals’ financial circumstances affect how they experience education and how they see other people. He talks about the influence books had on his life as an Indian child growing up and the influence it still has today. Race, class, and ethnicity play a significant role for Sherman Alexie. Societies use race to create and defend oppressive, privileged, and power-based structures. Race fosters a sense of affiliation with a particular group’s cultural values, connections, and beliefs. Others people’s views based on your race can make or break you. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, one of Sherman Alexie’s best-known works, was inspired by his personal experiences. This book is a valuable educational resource for preparing pupils for the challenges that will unavoidably come their way in life. He wants us to know that because of the pressure to succeed, many children quit very young if they struggle to work hard for it or believe it is impossible to attain. I should know as I was one of these people. For the past four years, I went to Aviation High School. Students there can work towards a mechanic license. On top of Educational Learning, students who want their Aviation license must spend their 4 years of high school taking mechanic classes which we call the shop. Towards the end of their 4 years, students who have passed all their shop classes will then be able to take a series of multiple exams. And once they’re past that, they can obtain their mechanical license. I passed all my courses but failed my first exam out of 7, so I decided to give up, believing that achieving my mechanical license was impossible. Because of the coronavirus, toward the end of my senior year, I struggled to work hard for my automatic consent thinking it was impossible to attain. According to Alexie’s personal narrative, when he visited other schools, “there are the sullen and already defeated Indian kids who sit in the back rows and ignore me with theatrical precision”. Like me, there were students who no longer had the passion and willpower to push forward. At five, I was diagnosed with ADHD. And like Sherman Alexie, my daily routine drastically changed. I had to live with the consciousness of being less, especially when I was around other ‘normal’ kids.

8. In the short story “Superman and Me” By Sherman Alexie Alexie discusses the problems that occur with the race and ethnicity of certain people. Alexie being and growing up as a middle class Indian, he was expected to fail. By the education standards that was happening Alexie seemed like a threat because a smart Indian is a dangerous person. For example in the text it states “I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.”(pg. 2) Even though the odds were big for Alexie being an Indian and being smart that didn’t stop him from giving up- instead it pushed him to become a better version of himself and prove to the rest who thought “a smart Indian is a dangerous person” that there is nothing wrong with being an Indian who is smart.

   One moment I related to from the story “Superman and Me” was when Alexie was learning to read the comic book and interpreted the pictures by assuming what the words were saying even though he couldn’t read at all. English isn’t my first language so when I started learning it, I remember my mom used to point to certain sentences whether it was in a mail, or tv and would ask me “What does that say? read it in English” and I would try my hardest to read and when I would be done reading the sentence she would say “Good job, keep practicing”. Which is how I got better and better everyday.

   • What do you think he means by, “a smart Indian is a dangerous person”???

9. Race is seen in the story of Alexis’s by the fact that society had already labeled him as something to not be successful and someone to not be bright in school. Society around him forces him to have a low self esteem of himself when it comes to school, they want to keep them feeling dumb and not be the best when it comes to Education. “ They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid. Most lived up to those expectations inside the classroom but subverted them on the outside” it’s a clear visual that in the classroom ,one is expected to be to play the role as a unintelligent Indian kid as he repeatedly speaks. Throughout the short story he expressing the challenges of his social class, the fact that it was difficult for his family financial in the daily basis. “. I had a brother and three sisters. We lived on a combination of irregular paychecks, hope, fear and government surplus food.” By the struggles of his family he is underestimated by society, because his Indian and his family is middle/low income society in a classroom would label him as dumb and not educated but he pushes those stereotypes that are thrown to him and he is confident by his intelligence that he has and passion for reading.what I had a personally connected with the story was the love of reading that narrator had growing up.” I read books late into the night, until I could barely keep my eyes open. I read books at recess, then during lunch, and in the few minutes left after I had finished my classroom assignments. I read books in the car when my family traveled to powwows or basketball games. In shopping malls, I ran to the bookstores and read bits and pieces of as many books as I could”when reading that line I had related it to myself because that was me when I was younger and still try to be still present time. When I was younger I would read many books and would always take a book with me and I found a common liking with the narrator .

   • What do you think drew you to reading as a child? Can you connect that love of reading to any other aspects of your life/identity?

10. In “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie, race, class, and ethnicity is visible throughout the story. These forces contribute to the beginnings of Alexie’s education experience. In the beginning he provides a little bit of his childhood.He shares that his family was typically poor and were a middle class family. In the story he states, “We lived on a combination of irregular paychecks, hope, fear and government surplus food”. This allows me to view his family as unstable. This gives me the idea that his family does not receive a good amount of opportunities to have a good job. This led them to not have a stable income. Despite having financial situations he shares his father’s passion for reading and how the same passion was able to get passed down to him. His father would purchase books to the point where there were books in his bathroom. After learning his own technique to learn how to read, he was able to read at a higher level compared to his classmates in kindergarten. In the story he states “if he’d been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation he might have been called a prodigy. But he is an Indian boy living on the reservation and is simply an oddity.” This made me realize how race was taking place in this part of the story because he would be considered odd just because he was indian. On the other hand, he expresses that if he was not Indian and living in the “reservation” learning to read that well would be considered extraordinary. He also includes the way people would consider Indians to behave. He states, “we were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.” In a way I think this connects to ethnicity. As a group of Indians I feel like they have a way of knowing how people have opinions towards them.

    One moment in Alexie’s story that I was able to personally relate was probably how he felt like he would be considered odd for learning how to read very well at a young age. Mainly because of his race and I feel like my race has also allowed me to think similarly. I feel like if I accomplish something it may not be as important. I think a significance of the story was that he still pursued what he liked to do and then later on came back into schools to teach Indian boys how to read. I think it has some sort of relevance to my story because I should also not put my mind into what others may think and just do what I like to do.

    • You’ve highlighted an important issue in Alexie’s story and your own experience: the ways in which we are affected by the expectations other people have for us.

11. In the essay “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie race/class/ethnicity play a role in the development of the author. At a young age he realized how Indian people wouldn’t strive for something bigger in the non-Indian world although he believed they had innate talent, it was almost as they were holding themselves back. Sherman then began to notice that he wasn’t expected to do much in life because of his race. Instead of shutting down, Sherman uses this as a driving force and begins to read everything he can. He adopted a mentality in which he “refused to fail”(2) in order to save his life. He then became a writer who also would come back to his reservation to teach the kids about creative writing because he wanted to become a example for them.

    The most I was able to relate to this essay was when Sherman refused to fail because he wanted to make something out of his life no matter what. I relate because I don’t like to fail, and when I do, I always make sure I learn from it to become better. I can also relate to using negative experience as driving forces in my life.

12. In the essay “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie, race, class, and ethnicity played a big role in the education that he received while growing up. In the text, Alexie mentions two things and they were that “We lived on a combination of
    irregular paychecks, hope, fear and government surplus food.” and “We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.” This shows that while growing up Alexie had to struggle both financially and had to fight against societal expectations. As an Indian, he wasn’t expected to be smart and his school didn’t do much to support his interests in reading in writing since he mentioned how “…I was never taught how to write poetry, short stories or novels” which was probably caused by the idea that Indians weren’t considered smart. He was able to fight against that stereotype and prove that he was smart and capable of being a great writer.

    One moment that I related to in the essay was where Alexie said he learned how to read by looking at the pictures in the comics and trying to piece together what they said. When I was little, I wasn’t good at reading and I guess I wasn’t super interested in it either so looking at the pictures were very helpful in keeping me interested and helping me improve my reading skills along the way.

    • In the first quote you include here, Alexie has made a strange list, saying that his family lived on “irregular paychecks, hope, fear, and government surplus food.” We understand the first and last items pretty concretely, but what do you think it means to live on hope and fear???

13. In “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie, race, class, and ethnicity played a role in education because Indian kids are forced to believe at a young age they can not accomplish much. Alexie says “A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike. I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.” He was able to defend himself from the stereotypes and proved himself.

    One moment that I relate to in the passage is when Alexie said “I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky.” I relate to this because when I feel like giving up I push myself to get the job done and finish what I started and always tell myself positive things while I refuse to fail.

    • You’ve highlighted some important quotations, but haven’t really explored their meaning. What does he mean by, “A smart Indian is a dangerous person”?

14. There are many stereotypes in our society about different groups of people, and Sherman Alexei shared his experience of destroying them. Alexei uses the graphic novel “The Superman” in his introduction to compare himself to a superhero who saves lives. In the last paragraph he also mentions “I am trying to save our lives”, referring to a group of kids coming from the same background as him. As a child, he used to be picked on by students because “we were Indian children who were expected to be stupid.”

    Even though Alexei tried to keep going and not let these comments get to him. In the last paragraph he slightly mentions how he was planning on becoming a pediatrician, but his passion won. I admire him for that, as well as trying to help out other people in a position that he was once in. It is very important for kids and teenagers to have an adult figure (who is not just their parents) who cares for them and navigates them towards the right path. During my senior year of high school I was going through a very tough episode of my life, but luckily one of my teachers was able to get me through it. To him I might be just another one of his students, but to me he is my superhero who saved me.

    • I love the “shout out” to a teacher whose support made a difference to you! I am curious about your assertion that Alexie “destroyed” stereotypes. Where do we see evidence of this in the essay? What would it mean to “destroy” a stereotype?

15. The reading “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie was a really interesting read. There are multiple factors in this reading that make it very intriguing. Race, Class and Ethnicity all play a key role in this reading. In the reading we hear a 1st person and second person story view from Sherman about his life. In the beginning of the reading we learn that Sherman Alexie lives on an Indian Reservation and he explains that he is very poor and once one of his parents gets a minimum wage job there social class changes. In the first paragraph near the second to last sentence it states “but one of my parents usually managed to find some minimum-wage job or another, which made us middle-class by reservation standards.” This proves that most Indians (Native Americans) are financially poor and are basically lower class because in Sherman Alexis case even if one his parents got a little paying job their status was quickly made out to be middle class even if it was only a minimum wage job. He also says “We lived on a combination of irregular paychecks, hope, fear and government surplus food.” This proves that making minimum wage is not nearly enough to live properly. Similarly I know that making minimum wage isn’t enough to live like a middle class person since in New York the prices are super high and so is rent and buying a house is exceptionally expensive. Those with minimum wage jobs would have a very difficult time purchasing a home and in my eyes living off minimum wage doesn’t make you feel like a middle class person, in my eyes a middle class person should be someone who can live comfortably in a either a house or nice apartment without a worry of outside cost like food which sherman’s family had to.
    Later in the reading we find out that Sherman Alexie is different from other Indians around him since growing up he learned to self teach himself how to read and read many things like books, magazines, manuals etc. When he goes into school he is already reading a book which his classmates are not even up to yet. However this is not totally a good thing as since he is a Native American he is looked down on by others so his skills come out as being odd to others moreover if he was a different race like “white” he would be considered a very smart person. According to page 2 of the second sentence he says “He reads “Grapes of Wrath” in kindergarten when other children are struggling through “Dick and Jane.” and he also says “If he’d been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy.” These two details prove that Sherman is smart compared to the other children but that doesn’t mean he will be recognized for it as he is an Indian Boy. All of the details above go to show that class status and race play a great deal in his life, it determines how he is perceived by others, his class determines his financial situation, and both his status and race play a role in his educational life as we learn that other indians don’t know how to read, but even though he did he would be considered as weird.
    Ethnicity just like the other factors played a huge part in his life. Sherman Alexie throughout the story calls himself and others like him a “Indian” but he is actually a Native American. The word Indian was given to native Americans by the English who came to America primarily during the Columbus voyage and then the natives basically adopted it as the English settled on the land and took over and now the natives call themselves Indians and so does Sherman in this reading. Following that in Sherman’s life, his social group, and his cultural attributes posed many challenges for him. During class he was told by Indians alike to not communicate or play apart in the class as Indians are seen as not smart. Not only that, even if natives fail their culture respects them and they are accepted by other Indians even if they didn’t succeed in education. Based on the second page third paragraph it states “ As Indian children, we were expected to fail in the non-Indian world. Those who failed were ceremonially accepted by other Indians and appropriately pitied by non-Indians. “ This shows that ethnically natives aren’t subject to judgment when they don’t do well in school but rather they are welcomed by other natives.

    • I don’t understand the last sentence in your post. Can you explain it more clearly and connect it more concretely to the details of Sherman Alexie’s essay? And of course, keep in mind that all of the children in his class would have been Native American.

16. Race, Class, and ethnicity play a huge role in Alexie’s story. The audience can briefly see how his ethnicity has an impact on him. For example, one place where his ethnicity affects him is in school where Indian students are expected to be stupid. This shows how much discrimination he faces.The class system differentiates in which where white society and Indians are and how they are treated. This shows the lack of inconsistency of how everyone should be treated equally. According to the text it states, “alike. I fought with my classmates daily. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid”. He didn’t “fit in” society’s standards and had the urge to change that and prove everyone wrong.

    The significance of the quote “The door holds. I am smart. I am arrogant. I am lucky. I am trying to save our lives” shows how Alexie’s mindset and positivity are so strong in trying to change society’s standards. During difficult situations, I like to remind myself who I am so it motivates me to do better and keep going just like Alexie. When your told you can’t do something, it really does push you to do prove them wrong.

17. Why did his classmates (also Native American) want him to stay silent?

18. Race, class and ethnicity are strong forces that play a huge role in Sherman Alexie’s, “Superman and Me”. Alexie talks about his experience growing up as an Indian boy from a middle class family. He says,” We were poor by most standards, but one of my parents usually managed to find some minimum-wage job or another, which made us middle-class by reservation standards.” Alexie also explains that when it came to education Indian children were expected to be stupid. He states” Once again, I pretend to read the words and say aloud , ‘I am breaking down the door’ in this way, I learned to read .” Here it is shown how Alexie “breaks down the door”(the stereotype) by applying it to his own life to becoming a smarter person through the use of reading various books. Furthermore in the text it states” If he’d been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy. But he is an Indian boy living on the reservation and is simply an oddity.” This supports the idea on how ethnicity is a force that plays a part in his story for simply making him look as an “odd person” just because he is an Indian boy.

    In the text Alexie states” The brown door shatters into many pieces. I look at the narrative above the picture. I cannot read the words, but I assume it tells me that ‘Superman is breaking down the door.’Aloud, I pretend to read the words and say, Superman is breaking down the door.” I can relate to this moment in his story because when I was younger I would imagine what was said in books by looking at the picture’s and making up my own stories.

19. Superman and Me

    In the reading “superman and me” by Sherman Alexie, I see Race/ethnicity/class as powers in this story because it affected Sherman in school and was basically looked at as a “failure” because the stereotypical of foreign kids like him as an Indian is there supposed to be stupid airheads who don’t know anything and aren’t meant to fit in to any society that wasn’t theirs.

    Pg.2 “A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and
    non-Indians alike. I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay
    quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers, for volunteers, for help. We were
    Indian children who were expected to be stupid.” Stereotypes were a big reason why Sherman was set up failure simply because of what his ethnicity and race was is why he was deemed not “one of them”.

    A moment in the story I could relate to is the part where Sherman gets a mental switch and is determined to break out of these stereotypical box and being a smart kid with a lot of knowledge so he can have tools and powers that will make all the other kids look dumber or not as intelligent. “I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky. I read books late into the night, until I could barely keep my eyes open. I read books at recess, then during
    lunch, and in the few minutes left after I had finished my classroom assignments. I read
    books in the car when my family traveled to powwows or basketball games. In shopping
    malls, I ran to the bookstores and read bits and pieces of as many books as I could. I
    read the books my father brought home from the pawnshops and secondhand. I read the
    books I borrowed from the library. I read the backs of cereal boxes. I read the
    newspaper. I read the bulletins posted on the walls of the school, the clinic, the tribal
    offices, the post office. I read junk mail. I read auto-repair manuals. I read magazines. I
    read anything that had words and paragraphs. I read with equal parts joy and
    desperation. I loved those books, but I also knew that love had only one purpose. I was
    trying to save my life.” Sherman’s eagerness to make a change for himself is what lead to incredible comeback and progression.

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