Logos (Logic):
- “What we need is a considerable amount of frankness that acknowledges there are two sets of difficulties. We must recognize the difficulty that brown people, white people, and black people have all over the world to protect their own vested interests. They suffer from a kind of racial narcissism which tends always to convert every contingency in such a way as to maximize their own power. We must acknowledge of that problem, but we must also reach through to the Negro people and tell them that their best chances are in a mobile society and the most mobile society in the world today is in the United States.”
Ex: William Buckley uses logic to argue that there are two sets of difficulties in America – one faced by white individuals protecting their vested interests, and the other faced by the Negro community.
2. “They say that in 1900 there were 3,500 Negro doctors in America. In 1960 there were 3,900, an increase of 400. Is this because there were no opportunities? No, they say. There are a great many medical schools which by no means practice discrimination. It is because the Negro’s particular energy is not directed toward that goal.”
Ex: William Buckley employs logical reasoning by citing statistics from Nathan Glazer’s work to address the issue of limited progress among Negro doctors.
Ethos (Credibility):
- “For one thing I believe that the fundamental trend in the United States is to the good nature, the generosity and good wishes, the decency that do lie in the spirit of the American people.”
Ex: William Buckley establishes credibility by claiming that Americans are concerned about the Negro problem in the United States. He asserts that the concern is genuine and that his presence at universities is proof of this widespread concern.
2. “The Negro problem is a very complicated one. I urge those of you who have an actual interest in the problem to read “Beyond the Melting Pot,” by Nathan Glazer and Daniel MoynihM.”
Ex: He cites Nathan Glazer, a prominent Jewish Sociologist, to bolster his argument’s credibility. By referring to a respected expert’s work, he shows that the issue of racial discrimination and progress among Negroes is being studied and analyzed by reputable scholars.
Pathos (Emotions):
- “The presence of Mr. Baldwin here is, in part, a reflection of that concern. You cannot go to any university in the United States in which practically every other problem of public policy is not pre-empted by the primary concern for the Negro. I challenge you to name me another civilization in the history of the world in which the problems of the minority, which have been showing considerable material and political advancement, are as much a subject of dramatic concern as in the United States.”
Ex: William Buckley appeals to emotions by highlighting the genuine concern for the Negro community in the United States by pointing out how Mr. Baldwin’s presence at various universities reflects this concern. Also indicating that the topic of racial discrimination and civil rights holds significant importance in public discourse.
2. “These qualities must not be laughed at, and under no circumstances must America be told that the only alternative is the overthrow of that civilization which we consider to be the faith of our fathers, the faith of your fathers.”
Ex: He evokes emotions here by emphasizing the foundation of the American people. Urging those listening not to dismiss or laugh at what he’s saying. Allowing his pride for his country to take over and speak about “the faith of our fathers…” as a country. Appealing to a shared sense of goodness and decency in addressing racial issues.