Vivisection is the practice of performing operations on live animals for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research. Testing animals are held in small cages and exposed to harsh conditions due to scientific research. It can include experiments that cause severe suffering, such as “long-term social isolation, electric shocks, withholding of food and water, or repeated breeding and separating of infants from mothers.” These are traumatic experiences that will cause stress and pain on any living creature. For example, according to the Anti-Vivisection Society, many experiments use “restraining devices, designed to prevent the animal from moving.” (neavs.org) In addition, to the restraints that aid in the experimental process, xenotransplantation, the process of transplanting cells, tissues, and organs from one species to another cause immense suffering and can even result to death for testing animals. Some even immobilize specific parts of an animal’s body, while some immobilize the entire body. Researchers claim that these tests are directly related to human depression and anxiety. These protocols cause physical suffering, as well as psychological suffering because research has shown that animals that are held captive in testing conditions are prone to lose their minds because of the psychological stress they’ve endured known as “stress-induced psychosis.”