Author: YUJIA SUN

Montaigne advocates the pursuit of happiness in life, and people must be the ones who create their own lives. Life is short, but we have to enrich our lives, arrange our lives, and do n’t always think about the fear of death. Montaigne is an optimistic idea. He believes that living people create fear for death. This created fear is more terrible than death itself, creating a gloomy atmosphere. In this case, we have not died. Montaigne tells the story of the soldiers, just to show that death is inevitable. We do n’t care when death comes, it ’s no different from being alive and dead all day long. In fact, it tells us that death is nothing. We face the fear of death, and we face life seriously. The value of life is to live a good life every day. Do n’t fear death, let this fear fill our lives.

In “the  City of ladies”, the “the City of ladies” is built, which has the most accomplished women to defend against the power of men’s blame, and represents the true power and nature of women. But can this really achieve equality between men and women? At that time, men seemed to think that women were just having children and spinning wool. Women were seen as a tool to have more children and become housewives. At that time, women lacked the ability to challenge male authority and were always damaged in society, while men had all power. This book is about changing the ideas of women at that time, but the society we live in today promotes equal opportunities, men and women have the same chance of success, and society judges everyone based on their ability rather than sex.

Augustine believes that only goodness is the essence of man. It comes from God, but sin is a lack of goodness. Goodness is absolute, and God is the source of goodness. Evil is relative. God does not create sin in man. Evil is the result of God’s absence, and evil itself does not exist. The reason for sin is that people abuse the freedom that God has given them and deviate from the goodness of God. The things God creates are good, not bad. It is our desire to destroy the grace of God, and only God’s grace can make people regain good will.

According to Plato, the basic purpose of establishing an ideal state is to achieve national justice. For Plato, justice is the ability of each part of the whole to perform its duties, and it is a harmonious relationship between different parts of the whole. Although Plato theoretically constructed an ideal state system that is beyond reality and centered on justice, due to the special social background, history, and class limitations, this state concept is trapped in a utopian lacking foundation. First, the national premise built on the basis of people’s unequal social status, and the rationality of the city-state’s political system through justice, the theoretical premise itself is questionable. Second,“the wisdom of the individual and the wisdom of the country are the same wisdom” . This identity comparison of national justice and personal justice lacks reality analysis. Third, Plato’s hierarchy is based on personal “morality” and is too idealistic.