Author: SERGIO AGUILAR

Posted on by SERGIO AGUILAR Final Timeline Project

Timeline of the Mexican Revolution

Works Cited

Cabrera, Luis. “The Mexican Revolution: Its Causes, Purposes and Results.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 69, 1917, pp. 1–17. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3804613. Accessed 16 Dec. 2022.

Hall, Linda B. “Alvaro Obregón and the Politics of Mexican Land Reform, 1920-1924.” The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 60, no. 2, 1980, p. 213. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2513216. Accessed 17 Dec. 2022.

Skirius, John. “Railroad, Oil and Other Foreign Interests in the Mexican Revolution, 1911-1914.” Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 35, no. 1, 2003, p. 37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3875577. Accessed 17 Dec. 2022.

Skirius, John. “Railroad, Oil and Other Foreign Interests in the Mexican Revolution, 1911-1914.” Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 35, no. 1, 2003, p. 43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3875577. Accessed 17 Dec. 2022.

Weston, Charles H. “The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas.” The Americas, vol. 39, no. 3, 1983, p. 385. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/981231. Accessed 17 Dec. 2022.

Weston, Charles H. “The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas.” The Americas, vol. 39, no. 3, 1983, pp. 383–384. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/981231. Accessed 17 Dec. 2022.

Wood, J. A. & Alexander, A. R. (2019). Chapter VII Nationalism. In Problems in Modern Latin American history: Sources and interpretations (5th edition , p. 164). essay, Rowman & Littlefield.

Wood, J. A. & Alexander, A. R. (2019). Chapter Xl The Global Economy. In Problems in Modern Latin American history: Sources and interpretations (5th edition , pp. 269–270). essay, Rowman & Littlefield.

Posted on by SERGIO AGUILAR Module 4 assignment: Latin America in the media

Why the migrant crisis is going on

The article I chose is titled Exploring how and why so many migrants are crossing the southern border which I found PBS Thirteen News Hour. It talks about why the migrant crisis in the southern border of the United States began and what are the effects of this on the United States, Mexico, and the Latin American nations that the migrants come from. The article argues that even though most of the time when we hear about this migrant crisis we hear that this crisis is only taking place in the southern border but this article does not agree with this perception, they believe that the actual crisis is taking place in the nations where these migrants are coming from and that if we want to fix this crisis we need to pay attention to these foreign countries. This can be seen in the article where it states, “Americans must finally acknowledge that the real crisis is not at the border, but outside it, and that, until we address that crisis, this flow of vulnerable people seeking help at our doorstep will not end anytime soon”. Oftentimes when people talk about this migrant crisis they ask why are these countries suffering? And why does the United States have to intervene in order to solve these crises? The ironic thing is that these crises began in no small part as a result of the United States intervening in these countries. For example in Guatemala which is one of the main places that these migrants are coming from, The United Fruit Company went into this nation and began buying up all the most profitable land in this country and making the vast majority of the people in this nation dependent on them. They essentially invaded the nation without ever firing a shot and ruled for years. This can be seen in the textbook titled Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations in which it states, “Was the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) that Rigoberta joined, and whose version of events she gave us in 1982, an inevitable response by the poor to oppression? Should the conflict be understood primarily in social terms, as the inevitable outcome of centuries of oppression suffered by Guatemala’s indigenous population? Or is it better explained on the political level, as the result of particular decisions made by particular groups including the U.S. government, the Guatemalan oligarchy, the Guatemalan army, and the opposition groups that decided to fight back with guerrilla warfare” (303-304). As we can see from this quote due to the United States intervention via the The United Fruit Company that destabilized Guatemala many of these people were left with no choice but to either join a rebel group or to flee their nations and head to the United States in order to find better opportunities and a better life. So after analyzing this article we can see that in order to solve the migrant crisis south of the border we need to actually focus somewhere else which is the nations themselves in order fix this crisis.

Posted on by SERGIO AGUILAR Timeline pilot project

Timeline of the Mexican Revolution

Works Cited

Wood, J. A. & Alexander, A. R. (2019). Chapter Xl The Global Economy. In Problems in Modern Latin American history: Sources and interpretations (5th edition , pp. 269–270). essay, Rowman & Littlefield.

Wood, J. A. & Alexander, A. R. (2019). Chapter VII Nationalism. In Problems in Modern Latin American history: Sources and interpretations (5th edition , p. 164). essay, Rowman & Littlefield.

Posted on by SERGIO AGUILAR Module 3 assignment - Latin America in the Cold War, Uncategorized

Module 3 Sergio Aguilar

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The National Security Archive at George Washington University, Outlook for the Lopez Portillo Administration Bureau of Intelligence and Research, secret intelligence report.

The report I chose is titled Outlook for the Lopez Portillo Administration Bureau of Intelligence and Research, secret intelligence report which was published by the State Department on January 6th of 1977. In it the State Department assesses the presidency of Portillo’s predecessor Echeverría and what impacts this will have on Portillos presidency and what they should be on the lookout for. This is important because it shows that the United States is very closely watching  what is going on in Latin America, and making sure that everything is under control and going as they want it to go; Meaning the United States is fulfilling the role of the puppet master and all the nations of Latin America are their puppets. It can be argued that this policy of US intervention in Latin America began in 1823, when the Monroe Doctrine was issued and ever since then the United States has maintained some level of interest and interventionism in Latin America. This is clear to see in the assessment written by the State Department because it goes into deep and specific detail onto what Echeverría accomplished and did not accomplish, it then goes on to theorize how this would affect Portillo’s presidency and in turn affect the United States as well. The key takeaway from this report is that during the Echeverría presidency, US and Mexico relations were strained as a result of Echeverría’s actions as a result of this Mexico suffered economically due to the fact that US tourism to Mexico greatly decreased during this time as well as US investment into the country. This is something the US did not approve of and were very wary of; this however would change when Portillo came into presidency because he saw the harm of Echeverría’s actions and saw it as his priority to fix US-Mexico relations which is what he did, the report acknowledges this and is in favor of this. This report is important because it shows us how the United States kept track of what was going on in all these Latin American countries because they wanted to avoid what had happened in a country like Cuba; they don’t want to repeat the same mistake. This can be seen in chapter X of the textbook Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations when it states, “Fidel Castro (Cuba)—United States Government personnel plotted to kill Castro from 1960 to 1965. American underworld figures and Cubans hostile to Castro were used in these plots and were provided encouragement and material support by the United States” (252). This quote shows us that following the Cuban Revolution and the emergence of Castro, in which the United States failed to stop this from happening; the United States did not want this to repeat itself in the rest of Latin America, and therefore increased their surveillance and enforcement of the rest of Latin America in order to maintain their interests. 

 Wood, James A., and Anna Rose Alexander. “Chapter X The Cold War .” Essay. In Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations, 5Th ed., 252. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.

Posted on by SERGIO AGUILAR Module 2 assignment - Visual sources of late 19th-century or early 20th-century Latin America, Uncategorized

Argentina during Neo-Liberal Rule

https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A11328

Tulane University Digital Library Early Images of Latin America, Box 1, Disk 1 South American Glass Images, Collection 56, #SA01-0083, Argentina national congress building in Buenos Aires

The image above displays the Argentinean National Congress Building in Buenos Aires which was inaugurated for use in 1906. Besides that we can see the large plazas and boulevards that were built throughout the capital which were inspired by European cities such as London and Paris; which at the time were considered the ultimate goal and aspirations of these Latin American countries. This is important because at first sight you can say these Latin American nations were just trying to copy European style architecture, but upon further research and analysis one can see what the true intentions of the Neo-Liberal governments that were in charge at the time. Following the end of Caudillo rule in Argentina a new form of government began and that was the Neo-Liberals; they believed in rapid modernization, for their nations economies to rapidly open up to foreign investment, the building of modern infrastructure, and the ability to trade with foreign nations (particularly Europe and the United States). The Presidents of Argentina during Neo-Liberal rule believed in this very much and were willing to do anything in order to accomplish this. This can be seen when Domingo Faustino Sarmiento who was one of the Presidents of Argentina during the Neo-Liberal era believed that the people who lived in the grasslands of Argentina (Gauchos) were a problem to the modernization of Argentina. He believed that the only way to resolve this problem was by waging war against them, and then opening this space up for immigrants who would cultivate the land and make it prosper as a part of the new Argentina. This can be seen in the textbook Problems in Modern Latin American History in which it states, “As for the city man of Argentina, he wears a European suit and lives a civilized life. In the cities there are laws, ideas of progress, means of instruction, municipal organization, and regular government. Outside the cities, the look of everything changes. The countryman wears different clothing, not European but American. His way of life is different, his necessities peculiar and limited. Argentina is therefore composed of two entirely different societies, two peoples unconnected with each other. What is more, the countryman, far from aspiring to resemble his urban counterpart, disdainfully rejects urban luxuries and cultivated manners. All aspects of urban civilization are banned in the countryside. Anyone who dared appear in a frock coat, mounted on an English saddle, would bring upon himself the jeers and brutal aggression of the barbarous country people. The triumph of European civilization encounters practically insuperable barriers in the Argentine countryside” (139). Sarmiento kept his word and he waged war against the Gauchos during the Desert Campaign, he was successful in removing all of them by killing them. Sarmiento was so proud of his achievement that he pointed out to his forces that they were able to kill the natives (gauchos) faster than the United States did. Once he completed this he then went on to begin the modernization and reorganization of Argentina. This is the reason why this image is important because yes at first sight this image displays a new modern Argentina to the world, but the background is darker and doesn’t really show what was done in order to achieve this.

 James Wood, “Race and Nation Building.” Essay. In Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations, 5th Edition ed., 139

Wood, James A., and Anna Rose Alexander. “Race and Nation Building.” Essay. In Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations, 5Th Edition ed., 139 . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.