Bibliography

The role of women in our country has changed in many ways over the years. Today, women are given the same opportunities as men in our community but the way that they are viewed has still not changed. This has brought about the issue of gender inequality. Gender inequality is the unfair treatment of individuals based on gender. One area which we can see this concept take form is in the workplace. Women are payed less than men, they are more likely to be victims of sexual assaults and are not seen as capable of holding the same positions as men.

This year, we had our first female candidate run for president. She was able to reach the top where no woman has reached before. This shows that women have indeed improved their roles in the society. However, this has not changed the fact that they are not seen as equal to men. Working women were seen as social outcasts during the industrial revolution. They were not respected and even though they have gained that respect today, gender inequality still remains a problem in our nation. The fact that women and men are allowed to work the same jobs doesn’t mean they are accepted the same way or receive the same benefits.

Many researchers have looked into the pay gap between men and women to find its causes, the reason it still remains and how it can be changed. We have gathered sources that show numerical evidence of wage gap and other resources that believe that pay gap is not an issue of gender inequality. These articles articles that we have gathered look at the pay gap from a variety of different angles, showing not only the failed attempts in getting rid of pay gap, but also how it can be achieved. In this way these article give as ideas on how to combat gender inequality in the workplace.

  • Browne, Kingsley R. “Biological Sex Differences In The Workplace: Reports Of The “End Of Men” Are Greatly Exaggerated (As Are Claims Of Women’s Continued Inequality).” Boston University Law Review 93.3 (2013): 769-794. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.

This article by Kingsley Browne compares and contrasts the difference between male and females in the workplace. He use statistics to show how both genders have increased in particular jobs and the reasons for such case. He reason that men will always dominate in some professions just like women dominate in others. His reason for stating this is to help strengthen his argument on how inequality in the workplace does not exist. He believe that males and female have different interest which causes them to select different occupations, cause the dominance of one sex in that occupation. Through his use of statistics, he shows that this is not inequality. This article argue against the issues of gender inequality in the workplace in hopes in proving it wrong

  • Crooke, Curtis. “Public/Private Sector Partnerships for Community Preparedness.” Public/Private Sector Partnerships for Community Preparedness. COPS Office, July 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

This article by Curtis Crooke discuss the change of Gender inequality in the law enforcement. He states in the beginning the increase in percentage of women in the law enforcement over the last 40 years and how it has not changed the view of women or proven their qualification in the force. He gives examples of problems faced by women like harassment and the fear of oppressions. This shows that the issue of gender inequality in the law enforcement is very prominent in our society and needs to be addressed.

  • Derry, Robbin. “Women in the Workplace.” Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. Ed.Robert W. Kolb. Vol. 5. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2008. 2233-2238. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.

This article talks about the responsibilities that women have at home and how it affects their work ethics. Robbin Derry states that women have improved in the workplace and have accomplished many things. This however does not change how they are view in society. They are still expected to take care of children and work in the house. She believes that this burden affects women’s ability to compete with men in the workplace. She use data to talk about how wage gap was built it the first place, She talks about the types of jobs that were available to women during the industrial revolution and how this has changed over the years. This change, she believes does not affect the way women are viewed in society.

  • Elwér, Sofia, et al. “Patterns Of Gender Equality At Workplaces And Psychological Distress.” Plos ONE 8.1 (2013): 1-10. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

Elwér, Sofia, et al research the effect gender inequality has on psychological distress. She collected questionnaire data to create gender equality indicators of men and women ratios of number of employees, educational level, salary and parental leave. She believes that the issue of gender inequality affects the psychological health of the people and proves it through this article.

  • England Paula, and Irene Browne. “Trends in Women’s Economic Status.” Sociological, Perspectives vol. 35, no. 1, 1992, pp. 17–51.

In this article, Paula England and Irene Brownie discuss the difference in wage gap between men and women. They consider some factors that may have affected the results of wage gap like the productivity and types of skills. They use statistics to show how the wage gap in fact increased between 1967-1989 and how women has made progress over the years. This article explore the many reasons for unequal pay between men and women  and how it has affected the rate of poverty amongst women.

  • Eriksson-Zetterquist, Ulla, and David Renemark. “Can Changes To Gender Equality Be Sustained?.” Gender, Work & Organization 23.4 (2016): 363-378. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.

The article cited above by Eriksson-Zetterquist analyze two programs that failed in sustaining gender equality. He compares and contrast these two programs to find out the reasons why it did not sustain. He points out the possible ways to sustain gender equality and the faults in both programs that causes it to not succeed. Readers are able to learn the reasons why gender equality has not been sustained and what can be done to help sustain it.

  • Furchtgott-Roth Diana, Stolba Christine. “American Women aren’t really so cheap.” Wall Street journal, November 20th 1998.

The article cited above composed by Diana and Christine, seemingly uses a compare and contrast method to convey the fact that the comparison between the pay gaps of men and women is erroneous. They use numerical evidence which was recorded by reputable sources across the various states in the country as a way to clarify their point, making it lucid and clear to the reader, stating their main goal at the beginning then explaining their assertions with clear and precise factual evidence.  

  • Hilton, Douglas. “Practical Policies Can Combat Gender Inequality.” Nature 523.7558 (2015): 7. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

Douglas Hilton lays down different ways that gender inequality can be combated. He suggest things that can be made effective in a short amount of time. This article help readers not only develop their own ideas but also practice the suggestions.

  • Jones, Liz. “Farm Worker Harassment Draws Increased Scrutiny.” KUOW News and Information. May 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

In this article, Jones provides insight into the grave reality of sexual harassment in which many women endure in their place of work. She does this by providing a real case in which a woman was targeted in her workplace. This article provides a great example of how the allegations of women that are being sexually harassed are many times passed off as insignificant by their employers, who often turn a blind eye because they are maybe trying to save face, but more likely just don’t care. This piece makes the argument that women not only must receive the proper justice for this being done to them in the workplace, but that it must never happen in the first place.

  • Khuzwayo, Zuziwe. “Separate Space: An Approach to Addressing Gender Inequality in the Workplace.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 17.4 (2016): 91-101. ProQuest. 24 Oct. 2016.

Zuziwe Khuzwayo’s article research about a program called South African Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union’s. She evaluate how effective this program was in reducing gender inequality in the workplace. She collected data to analyze their policies and interviewed 22 male and female members to see the effectiveness of this program. Readers are able to learn new policies that can help get rid of gender equality.

  • Kiersz, Drake Baer and Andy. “Here Are the Only 9 Jobs in America Where Women Outearn Men.” Business Insider. Business Insider, 24 Mar. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.

Kiersz Drake and Andy provides statistics on the pay of men and women in different occupations. They provide two graphs that show the different jobs where each gender earn more than their opposite counterparts.

  • Mallan, Lucy B. “Labor Force Participation, Work Experience, and the Pay Gap Between Men and Women.” Journal of Human Resources 17.3 (1982): 437-48. Web.

Lucy Mallan in the article above compares how work experience affect pay gap. She use data analysis to explain how the rise of work experience widens the pay gap. She also talks about the reasons why the pay gap still exist and how it can widen overtime. This article give readers an overview of the issues that causes pay gap and how it affects women in the workplace.

  • Miller-Loessi, Karen. “Toward Gender Integration in the Workplace: Issues at Multiple Levels.” Sociological Perspectives, vol. 35, no. 1, 1992, pp. 1–15.

In this article, Karen Miller-Loessi explains the barriers that causes gender inequality in the workplace. She talks about the four different levels of barrier; : societal, organizational, interactional, and individual and how much improvements have been made in each level. She goes on to talk about the reasons why pay gap has not been filled even though women has improved greatly in the work force. She also give some suggestions on how gender inequality can be eliminated even though she believes is impossible. Miller-Loessi explore the reasons for inequality in the workplace to help readers understand why it still exist

  • Miller,Kevin. The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay gap. AAUW, Sept. 2016, http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/. Accessed 24 Oct 2016.

“The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay gap” by Kevin Miller explains what the gender pay gap is and who it affects the most. He also estimate how long it will take for the pay gap to close. He use graphs and tables to show his estimation and also to show the pay gap between men and women and between women of color. Through this analysis, readers can understand the pay gap and who it affects the most. They will also be able to understand how it can close over the years.

  • Nordell, Jessica. “Why Aren’t Women Advancing at Work? Ask a Transgender Person.” New Republic 245.16 (2014): 10-11. Web.

In this article, Jessica Nordell interview transgender people to find out how they are treated differently after the change gender. This article discuss the different ways women are viewed from men and how these things affect the behavior of women in the workplace. This article is very interesting because we are able to see how the same people are treated differently because of their gender. This as Nordell stated could help find out the reason the pay gap in the workplace.

  • Ruohan, Wu, and Cheng Xueyu. “Gender Equality In The Workplace: The Effect Of Gender Equality On Productivity Growth Among The Chilean Manufacturers.” Journal Of Developing Areas 50.1 (2016): 257-274. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

This article by Wu Ruohan and Cheng Xueyu examines how gender inequality in the workplace can not only affect the people but also the level of productivity in a company. They talk about the benefits of gender equality and how it can help grow business. They use empirical analysis to examine the correlation between productivity, gender equality, and employment to help them figure out how these three things affect each other.