Annotated Bibliography
1st Source- Book
Citation-
Grusky, David B., and Szelényi, Szonja. The Inequality Reader : Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class, and Gender. Westview Press, 2007.
Keywords- Wage Gap, impact, race, gender, class
Summary- In Grusky’s book, he talks about discrimination and the racial hierarchy in America. He also explains in the book that if there is no equality soon people will rebel. Grusky uses the example of the Middle Ages to show the protest of people when they were treated unfairly. Discrimination is an important topic according to Grusky. He says that men are more respected because they make more money than women, which can have an effect on the power that men have vs the women. Women are discriminated by society because they are portrayed as weak and fragile compared to the men. In the book, Grusky claims that men are more superior due to their gender and based on the amount of money a man makes. This is important because society has a portrayal of both genders which affected both significantly. Racial Hierarchy is important because it shows who has more advantage in society. In today’s society white men dominate, while women had little advantage to do so.
Reflection-
Grusky talks about discrimination and racial hierarchy which is important to my research. This is important to my research because the explanation of racial hierarchy and discrimination can show a better understanding of it and how it contributes to the wage gap. The example he had provided about the Middle Ages is also important because it can relate to the wage gap. If nobody does anything about the wage gap, women will protest soon for inequality they suffer. I will use his discrimination example to prove that women are discriminated in society and use his quote as proof. I also use the racial hierarchy as an example because in today’s society, men are on top and the bottom are normally minorities and women of color. This can also determine the unfairness and lack of power that women may have in America.
Quotables-
“ Man does not strive for power only in order to enrich himself economically.” (2)
“There were only incipient discussions of wage disputes in antiquity and in the Middle Ages.”
Borrowed Sources-
- Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, part III, chap. 4,
- 631–40.
- 2. The posthumously published text breaks off here. We omit an incomplete sketch of types of
‘warrior estates.’
2nd Source- Peer Review Article
Citation-
Miki, and Yuval. “Using Education to Reduce the Wage Gap between Men and Women.” Journal of Socio-Economics, vol. 40, no. 4, 2011, pp. 412–416.
Keywords-
Wage Gap, women, men, inequality, segregation
Summary- In the first section of the article, Miki expresses the significant difference between men and women in the work environment. She goes in depth with stats to show how women are affected in the work area. She explains that women normally take jobs that are considered “low paying” or “women jobs” which can contribute to the reason why there is a wage gap. “Women jobs” are normally minimum wage or low paying jobs. She also goes on to explain that stereotypes play a part because women are considered as housewives and not secondary breadwinners. These stereotypes make it hard for women to get jobs. Another difference between men and women is that women need to obtained an higher education to get the chances of getting hired to get a good job. She expresses the fact that women have to use their additional obtained education to get and take advantage of higher up jobs. Men do not have to do this. They still get more even if the women has more experience and works more than them.
Reflection- Miki provides excellent claims throughout her article. She shows enough evidence to determine that there is wage gap and that women need to have additional education to have a job that they desire. She even uses statistics and equations to prove her point about the wage gap and the discrimination it has against women. Personally, I like that she used equations and numbers as evidence that the wage gap exists because it is very interesting to see how everything in percentages and charts to compare the wage gap between the men and women. I also like that she explains why stereotypes can impact women because in society, men are normally portrayed as the breadwinner in the family. The education one was very interesting to know as many would deem that as unfair that women have to get a higher education just to compete with a men who doesn’t have to go through what the women does.
Quotables-
“Despite the advances that women have made in the last 10 years in all areas related to the labor market, including improved levels of education and increased experience, nothing has proved sufficient in narrowing the wage gap.” (3)
“Women find it easier to enter fields identified with women, which often have less prestige and command lower salaries.” (1)
“Despite the improvement in women’s education and the on-the-job experience they have gained, women are paid less, promoted slowly and are less likely to reach the top ranks that are accorded power and authority.” (1)
Borrowed Sources-
- F. Blau, A.M. Ferber, E.A. Winkler
The Economics of Women, Men, and Work
(5th edition), Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ (2006)
- Agell, K.E. Lommerud
Minimum wages and the incentives for skill formation
Journal of Public Economics, 64 (1997), pp. 25-40
- F.D. Blau, L.M. Kahn
The gender earnings gap: some international evidence
R.B. Freeman, L.F. Katz (Eds.), Differences and Changes in Wage Structures, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1995)
4.M. Harrington
Women Lawyers: Rewriting the Rules
Plume, NY (1993)
3rd Source- Journalistic Source
Citation- Trinko, Katrina. “No, Gender Wage Gap Is Not That Wide.” 2015, p. 07A.
Keywords- gender, wage gap, equal pay, women
Summary- In her source about the wage gap, Trinko believes that the wage gap between that men and women isn’t that bad. She uses Hillary Clinton as example as Hillary has advocated for equal pay for women. Trinko states in her journalistic source that Hillary also underpaid her employees despite the fact that she advocates for equal pay. This in her opinion meant that the wage gap isn’t as bad as people think because even Hillary underpays her employees and she is an advocate for equal pay between men and women. She also determines the differences between jobs that men and women have. A male scientist would make way more than a female preschool teacher. She claims this is discrimination because most men in the job industry get the higher up jobs while women are mainly struck with mediocre ones. Then she makes a counterpoint argument stating that the pay gap should be closed. She empathizes the point of having the wage gap closed and that more women should ask for a raise. She shows statistics that only 43% of women ask for a raise while men are at 54%. She expresses that this is an issue because only 39% of the women get the amount they deserve, while an higher percentage of 54% is given to the men. She wants to change this because she believes it is an unfair inequality that women suffer from.
Reflection– This can be an counter argument for my research because it clear any misunderstandings that people have about the wage gap and if it really exists. It can also determine a reason why the wage gap exist because most women don’t have higher up jobs unlike men who dominate the higher up jobs industry. It can also show another reason why women are making low wages because they are reluctant to ask for a raise. I can use the stats and the survey Trinko, put in the article to show evidence of the inequality of the wage gap between men and women.
Quotables–
“ Clinton tweeted, “20 years ago, women made 72 cents on the dollar to men. Today it’s still just 77 cents. More work to do. #EqualPay #NoCeilings” (5)
“But that statistic simply doesn’t take into account that a female preschool teacher who works part-time by choice won’t make anywhere near what a male scientist who works full-time does.” (7)
“But look at the numbers closely and it’s clear, no matter how great a talking point wage equality is, that most women and men make about the same amount.” (3)
Borrowed Sources–
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A403674154/AONE?u=cuny_baruch&sid=AONE&xid=11858646
Source 4- Wild Card
Citation- Gradín, Carlos. “Poverty among Minorities in the United States: Explaining the Racial Poverty Gap for Blacks and Latinos.” Applied Economics, vol. 44, no. 29, 2012, pp. 3793–3804.
Keywords- poverty, discrimination, blacks, latinos, poverty gap
Summary- In Gradin’s article, he writes about the discrimination that women of color and minorities face in the work environment. He also talks about how the wage gap contributes to poverty and that they cannot get out of it. Some of these reasons he talks about why minorities and women of color are normally the ones who live in poverty, and because they mainly live in poorer areas, have larger families, work less hours, and are paid a low wage at their jobs. These reasons all contribute to the the wage gap that they are suffering from. Gradin also gives stats and provides chart to prove his theory that minorities and women of color are living in poverty due to the wage gap. Education and racial discrimination also plays a role according to his theory. He says that if you were born with certain family characteristics, you were likely to remain in poverty. Education is important according to Gradin, because most jobs require you to have a degree for a good job. About 11% of Latinos, and 18% of Blacks went to college as compared to 33% to Whites. This is a significant gap from Whites to the Latinos, and Blacks. This is another reason why he believes that wage gap exists in minorities and women of color’s cases.
Reflection- This article is significant for my research because it gives a lot of information as to why minorities such as Latinos and women of color make so much less than white men/women. It also gives a lot of reasons as to why a lot of these women are living in poverty and how the wage gap has played a role in it. Education is also important because most minorities and women of color don’t go to college or obtain a higher degree. This leaves them to be struck with low paying jobs because they don’t fulfill the job requirements for a good job. Another reason why they might be in poverty is if they were born poor. If you were born into a poor family, it is very likely you might remain poor and live in poverty. Due to not having a good education or coming from a poor family, some minorities and women of color can decide to work low income jobs and work for less hours due to having a big family.
Quotables-
“Persistence of high poverty rates in the United States, with levels higher than those of the majority of the developed world, has been so far well documented, as well as the fact that the distribution of income has become more unequal and polarized.” (3)
“Ethnic minorities are unevenly distributed across the US geography and are overrepresented in regions with the highest poverty levels, even if this is not expected to substantially increase their poverty risk due to the low range of variation of poverty across regions in the United States.” (9)
“Blacks and Latinos are also characterized by different living arrangements from those of Whites, and this is expected to affect their higher poverty rates.” (11)
Borrowed Sources-
1.Antecol, H and Bedar, K. 2004. The importance of labour force attachment differences across Black, Mexican, and White men. Journal of Human Resources, 39: 564–83.
2.Blinder, AS. 1973. Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human Resources, 8: 436–55.
3.Iceland, J. 2006. Poverty in America, , 2nd, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Oaxaca, RL. 1973. Male-female wage differentials in urban labour markets. International Economic Review, 14: 693–709.