DOMNIKA ELARABI – History 3072, History of Modern Latin America

Module 2- Storyline Project

During the start of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, slavery was on the rise amongst different countries, however, slavery became more popular in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the United States. Throughout the year’s slavery has been increasingly on-demand throughout many countries but especially in the Caribean where slavery was very common. Although, slavery was becoming very popular, however, the treatment of the slaves was very harsh.

During the time on the ships, slaves had to endure many instances where they were being punished for simply just giving a look or just being a person who is being enslaved.

“The drivers are allowed to punish the negros, but not to a greater extent of five lashes…He walks through all the rows, observes if anything is wrong, calls the negroe back that he may rectify his faults, teaches him where he is ignorant, punishes him if he commits errors repeatedly through neglect or through obstinacy.” (Laborie, Saint Domingo, p. 164).

Having control over slaves was seen as having some kind of power because the slaves were seen differently and that they were not human. People who worked on these ships had a sense of empowerment in trying to control the slaves at any kind of cost, even if a slave looked at another people and that slave would be punished.

Gender also played an increasingly huge part in how the relationship between the plantation owner and the slaves interacted with one another. Women were placed at the bottom of the workforce because they were seen as women who cannot really work and were not able to do so.

“Slave Owners throughout the Americas became quite willing to put African women permanently to work in the fields, but they balked at allowing them access to any skilled tasks…Black women found themselves on the bottom of the work pyramid on the sugar plantations, exposed to hard labor and drudgery with little chance of escape to more skilled or protected positions”(Morgan, Women’s Sweat, p.150).

Enslaved women were often criticized for their body and they were placed in a job that was very uncomfortable for them, than their counterparts. Furthermore, gender played a huge part in how the slaves would be placed at the plantations, ships, or simply anywhere else that was seen to be necessary to put the people to work (basically its like a map that people used in order to separate of who can do the best of work.

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vRNY3tCPesH6kGwjPWKF62b2oUxBQQKQIDtEstPuTHjHqqRniWmZliPQF9X_xs8TWfljKgRYOqWZYYx/pubhtml

Work Cited

Laborie, P. J. n 83825027. The Coffee Planter of Saint Domingo; with an Appendix, Containing a View of the Constitution, Government, Laws, and State of That Colony, Previous to the Year 1789. To Which Are Added, Some Hints on the Present State of the Island, under the British Government. London : T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1798, http://archive.org/details/b28760189.

Morgan, Jennifer L.Chapter 5- “Women’s Sweat”: Gender and Agricultural Labor in the Atlantic World,” Laboring World: Reproduction and Gender in the New World Slavery. Pages 144-165.

Estimates. https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates. Accessed 20 Oct. 2021.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Database. https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/database#statistics. Accessed 20 Oct. 2021.

Trans-Atlantic – Introductory Maps. https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/maps#introductory-. Accessed 20 Oct. 2021.

Citations for the Images

Image Detail. https://www.slavevoyages.org/resources/images/category/Places/23. Accessed 21 Oct. 2021.

Image Detail. https://www.slavevoyages.org/resources/images/category/Vessels/2. Accessed 21 Oct. 2021.

Image Detail. https://www.slavevoyages.org/resources/images/category/Vessels/5. Accessed 21 Oct. 2021.

Trans-Atlantic – Introductory Maps. https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/maps#introductory-. Accessed 20 Oct. 2021.

Final Project

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vQvXbpDQTv9Ayf2lrOiHlns9jDsoFGPw3Dp7zQ6jjEWSUwIeGbPDP5mpr-KGYIOAdv5pQvHi38mKijc/pubhtml?gid=0&single=true

Domnika Elarabi

Professor Rice

History 3072

December 15, 2020

Timeline

Revolts, Revolutions, and War

1450 to 1560- Colonialism and Indigenous People

During this time, Europeans were exploring the New World, wanting to expand trade amongst the New World and the indigenous people. However, exploitation quickly began amongst the Europeans and the indigenous people. The Europeans forced the indigenous people into harsh labor and eventually into slavery. Later on the European moved throughout South America

1700 to 1790- Rebellion and Reform

Within this time period, many rebellions were happening against the Europeans because the colonizers were being brutal against the natives. Eventually, the natives began many rebellions against many political leaders and would execute leaders, if they were caught. In 1781, Túpac Amaru was captured and executed. Reforms were also common amongst the people because the people wanted to have improvement politically, economically, or to have a better social life. One example would be the Bourbon Reforms.

1791 to 1804- Haitain Revolution

This was a revolution that started with the slaves, that wanted to have changed with political leadership, and that the slaves have had enough of the slaveholders’ brutality. This revolution was a very successful revolution and it still remains the only successful revolution

1820 to 1860- Slavery is being abolished in South America

1850 to 1950- Stock Market Crash and World War

During this time, many things were going on throughout the world, when the stock market crashed people had a very difficult time adjusting to what was going on and that the United States needed immigrant workers to come to the U.S. When the immigrant workers came to the United States, the United States helped the immigrants to find work and if they served in the army they were able to get their citizenship.

1960 to 2000- Cold War, Cuba, and the United States

At this time, Cuba was going through its own revolution and didn’t want any kind of association with the United States and wanted to become its own country. Fidel Castro became a key player in deciding how things should go, as well as, working with the USSR. Both countries, Cuba and the USSR worked together in order to have some kind of allegiance amongst one another. The USSR almost had a nuclear war with the United States.

Blanc, Jacob. Before the Flood. Duke University Press. 2019.

Dawson, Alexander. Latin American Since Independence: A History of Primary Sources. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2015.

Wood, James A., and Anna Rose Alexander. Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations. 5th ed., Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.

Module 4 assignment

Domnika Elarabi

Professor Rice

History 3072

December 9, 2020

Module 4

Source: NBC News

Title: Peru’s youth helped take down a president. Now they want changes to the constitution.

By Reuters

November 19, 2020

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/peru-s-youth-helped-take-down-president-now-they-want-n1248240

I find this article interesting because it is an example that shows how corrupt people can be and that people will try to invoke anything to remain a person in power. The article is a great example because it demonstrates how the government is trying to keep itself as a one-sided government and that it doesn’t want to listen to the people, however, the people overthrew one powerful person and demanded changes to the government, as well as, their own constitution. The young people have had enough of their government trying to be a one-sided opinion and that the government wanted to do only the things that only benefited themselves but not the benefit of the people who helped them to power.

The article also states why the people went out to protest because the people wanted to fix the past in order to fix the future of Peru. “We wanted to fix the mistakes of the past generations” stated Yarango. I guess in Peru there is so much doubt amongst the people and that the people know that the government cannot be easily fixed, as well as, the government is also very corrupt. The young people disapproved of the way that Peru was headed and that the young people noticed what was going on. The protests were a way to show the government that things were about to change, however, the protests will go as far as it needs to in order to have some kind of change within the government.

Protests/rebellions are a common factor of wanting change amongst the government and the protests/rebellions were willing to risk their own lives in order to have a better future for themselves and the country. Some protesters lived lives in a way that it was difficult to choose what was necessary to make decisions or to make a statement that needed to be made such as killing a person from the government or the military. Furthermore, protesters also paid a price in demonstrating their rights and protesting in what needed to be changed because the protesters also faced imprisonment, if things got out of hand with the police or military, as well as, willing to prove a point that things needed to change.

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/peru-s-youth-helped-take-down-president-now-they-want-n1248240

Dawson, Alexander, “Latin America SInce Independence: A History with Primary Sources.”. 2nd edition. Routledge. New York and London. 2015. Pages 295-296.

Module 3

Domnika.Elarabi

Professor Rice

History 3780

November 11, 2020

Module 3

During the Cold War, many countries were transitioning in various circumstances, in which some countries collided with one another, such as Latin-America, Russia, and the United States. These countries managed to almost start a war and Latin-America had to deal with difficult situations that, at times, escalated dramatically between the United State and Russia. Russia was also a key factor in helping Latin-Amerca and also colliding with the United States in trying to have some kind of control amongst Latin-America. The United States and Russia had their problems that were, probably, never solved because of how they dealt with their political views and how they wanted to control Latin-America. During the Cold War 1947 to 1991, the United States dealt with constant threats from Russia, and that both countries were always aware that war can happen at any moment.

NATO also played a huge part in participating in trying to stop any kind of action that can be caused at the start of a war or any kind of activity that can be easily triggered. In 1959, there was a meeting that was done to make some kind of plane for any long term negotiations and that there wouldn’t be any kind of future threats to the people or country; also NATO was also willing to maintain some kind of peace amongst the countries and NATO didn’t want a nuclear war. Furthermore, NATO wasn’t just based in the United States, they were also based in Europe, Latin-America, and several other countries, to help stabilize nuclear threats amongst many other countries who might start a war or to help with negotiations that can be resolved without the threat of war. However, the conflict with the United States and Russia managed to escalate many times and they were ready to have a nuclear war at any moment but there were many times that NATO has stepped in.

NATO wasn’t the only factor that stepped in stopping from having another war. In 1964, there was another tactic it was called the Scare Campaign. It was a campaign that used to scare the people of Chile in order to vote, however, that was the only issue, to vote, it was also seen as a “sophisticated propaganda production that utilized accepted concepts of gender to communicate its message” (Wood, 248). The Scare Campaign tactic was a way to separate gender and that it was also seen as propaganda because it used various sources in order to have people involved in what was going on and wanted to have a one-way thought of how people should think of political views, as well as, how things should be done.

The Scare Campaign was a way to improvise how people could easily be controlled by different means, such as to vote, or political rise to form a new government. Its main focus was on gender and used gender to pursue an imbalance with one another. Women were forced into a variety of things, such as going into militia groups, and they were more controlled by the communists because women needed, somehow, to portray a new role of how a woman should be, instead of the old version of how a woman should be (more of a womanly role).

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=6990065-National-Security-Archive-Doc-27-Robert-R-Bowie.

Wood, James A. “Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations”. 5th ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. Chapter X

Module 2 assignment

Church Dome

1850?-1900?

I chose this painting because it shows the meaning of how the Church played an important part in how the people lived their lives, especially the conservatives, and how the Church also played a political role in how things should be done, as well as, having control throughout countries. However, there were other people that were against the Church/conservatives, those were the Liberals.

The difference between the Liberals and the conservatives is that the Liberals believe that people should be free in what they can do and use their voices in any means possible, instead of having a controlled environment. The conservatives believe the church has the power to control what fits best for the people and have control over what people can or cannot do. The conservatives and the liberals were always feuding with one another because of their political beliefs and the belief that the people can or cannot be dependent on one control decision that people make, as well as, making your own decision. Furthermore, the Church believed the only decision that needed to be done is by God and God only, as well as, the religious text. The conservatives only went by that rule and made people believe that was the only way.

The conflict between the conservatives and the liberals is that they always managed to somehow find holes in the political system, as well as, the laws of that the Church wanted to use amongst the people because the Catholic church was heavily involved in Latin-America and Spain. There were various types of reforms in order to stabilize the government and these reforms wanted the Church to be overthrown as a controlled government because the people who did these reforms wanted to have its own government and wanting the church not to have a whole lot of control of everything in its power, as well as, having people to have more freedom to do what that a free person should have.

Dawson, Alexander. “Latin America SInce Independence: A History with Primary Sources”. 2nd Edition. Taylor & Frances 2015. Routledge.

“Church Dome”, Church Dome. Tulane University Digital Library, https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A11454

Module 1 Assignment

JRB051

Date Tree at Ures

John Russell Bartlet

1851.12

In this image, it shows how life was like in the 1800s and that picture shows how people managed to establish their homes, as well as, managing the use of the outside world. Life in the 1800s was in many ways difficult, depending on what class you were, because the Spanish colonized certain countries and that the Spanish had the majority of control amongst the people in what they could do or what they couldn’t do. However, in some instances people had revolutions or some kind of resistance amongst the Spanish or against the government because of the situations that people were enduring amongst the colonizers and the people have had enough of the colonizers in trying to manipulate the government in order to maintain some kind of power against other countries. In some instances people who stood up against the colonizers, as well as, the government because they wanted a country to call their own and with their own government that can be fair, instead of being manipulated by the colonizers.

The reason why this painting stood out to me because of how vibrant it was and it also shows how life was like during the 1800s and that it is a painting of how lonely things were under colonizer rule. The painting also depicts how people struggled during the 1800s, as well as, it also shows the limitations of how people lived on the farmland. Although people had their limitations on how or what they can grow, however, they had to pay a huge price if they decided to go against the colonizers or the people who worked for the colonizers. Also, another reason why this painting stood out to me was how the painting depicted the people and that the people were somehow in a controlled environment, as well as, the painter chose the colors to paint the painting.

I also noticed the lone;y tree in the middle of the field and I thought that the tree reminded me of how the people felt alone without any kind of help that was necessary in order to survive. Also, the buildings in the painting were kind of worn out, and that the people didn’t really have the right means in order to fix them, however, the most important part of the painting was the two people sitting in the middle. The two people in the middle look like they didn’t have much to own or they didn’t have much to own, as well as, they were oppressed by the colonizers and that they were drained from being overworked in the fields. The people looked sad in the painting and that they were forced into doing whatever the colonizers wanted them to do and if they didn’t do what they were asked/forced to do, they would be significantly punished, maybe being punished with a high tax or simply being punished by their necessities taken away from them so it can be harder to survive.