During the late 19th century
During the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, liberalists believed in free trade and exchange across borders. The Industrial Revolution dominated most political and economic conversations during this period, bringing modernity to the forefront. Finding ways to use resources like railroads and machinery to generate more wealth for nations was part of this economic transformation. Since slavery had been abolished in most countries in the Caribbean and South America, postcolonial challenges included finding ways to obtain resources and create profit in the New World and Europe. Because of the geographical component of countries located in South America, it was difficult to navigate due to mountains, lack of rivers, and citations of mining systems flooding and caving in. Therefore, using the coasts of countries like Costa Rica, Mexico, and Colombia were ways for ships and cargo to be transported from the Americas to the New World. More challenges rose as he led civil wars. Some of these wars occurred due to liberal reformed disapproval of opening the access of exports, like El Gran Rosas. On the other hand, being a caudillo means being an agent of change. With themes of liberalism meant adapting to the modernizing world. More specifically, railroads were introduced into Latin America on flat lands to be able to transport raw materials. The emperor of Brazil also decided to invest in railroads and manufacturing to modernize as well. Some of these included henequen from Mexico, guano in the Chincha Islands, sugarcane, coffee, etc. This also meant that the colonial elites were entering and industrializing Latin America. In certain cases, indigenous leaders would give political rights to Europeans, leading to failed economic and political projects. Engaging in a liberal economy meant a lack of discriminatory practices. Aside from the economic side of neocolonialism, ethnic nationalism meant that members of a nation would identify through their identities, like those from Mexico would be Mexicans, rather than being divided by roots and such. Conforming to the national identity is what gave you rights. The map above shows a lot of history and ideals that occurred during the 1850s to 1900s, including philosophies, economic and political transformations, as well as gerographical components that go into the era of the 19th century .
WORKS CITED:
“Geography of South America.” Tulane University Libraries, uploaded by The Latin American Library, library.search.tulane.edu/discovery/delivery/01TUL_INST:Tulane/12433174960006326.